VECTORS

Vectors

Cell Origins carries bacteriophage and phagemid vectors based. Many of our vectors include built-in tagging options to streamline your phage display selections and screening procedures.

Invaluable Tools

Vectors are invaluable tools for introducing foreign genetic material into cells for the propagation of the DNA molecules themselves or for production of phage virions. Genetically engineered vectors share common features such as an origin of replication, convenient cloning sites, and a selectable marker. Years prior to pioneering phage display technology. Dr. George P. Smith developed bacteriophage cloning vectors. Since then, two different types of vectors are utilized for phage display of peptides and antibodies, namely the bacteriophage vectors and phagemids.

Phage Display Using Bacteriophage Vectors

Filamentous bacteriophage vectors carry a modified version of the complete phage genome. Apart from the wild-type genes, these vectors typically contain an antibiotic selection gene and a hybrid gene encoding a recombinant fusion of the foreign peptide or antibody with the coat protein. By expressing both the wild type and hybrid genes, the display of the foreign polypeptide is intentionally limited, which can be advantageous as it encourages the selection of high-affinity peptide sequences. While bacteriophage vectors are generally unsuitable for displaying antibodies or antibody fragments due to their larger size, which hampers E. coli infection and complicates transformation, they have been successfully utilized in peptide phage display. Notably, bacteriophage vectors possess the required genes for phage particle replication in their own genome, eliminating the need for helper phages during propagation.

Our Bacteriophage Vectors

Phagemid-Based Phage Display

Phagemids are plasmid-based vectors that possess both phage and bacterial origins of replication, along with an antibiotic selection gene. Typically, a phagemid vector encodes a coat protein (either pIII or pVIII) fused with a foreign DNA sequence. This fusion enables the display of full-length antibodies, antibody fragments, nanobodies, or peptides. Phagemids can replicate in E. coli without the need for helper phages. However, for phage clone production, helper phages are vital as they contain essential genes required for phage particle assembly and release. A significant advantage of phagemids is their compact vector DNA, facilitating easy transformation in E. coli. The efficiency of E. coli transformation directly influences the diversity of the phage display library, making it a crucial factor when selecting a suitable vector for phage display. Furthermore, the small size of phagemid vectors enables convenient manipulation using recombinant DNA technology. Unlike bacteriophage vectors, phagemids excel at displaying large proteins such as full-length antibodies and antibody fragments, as their propagation in E. coli relies on a separate helper phage.

Phagemids (coming soon)

Our scientists are working hard on making available many of the most commonly used phagemids in phage display technology. We're also constructing our own novel phagemids with convenient selection and tagging strategies to enable the identification of peptides and antibodies with exceptional binding kinetics and pharmacokinetics. Our novel vectors streamlines the process of screening, ensuring accuracy and reliability of your phage display selections. Contact us to learn more.

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Customized Vectors

Our custom vectors are made with built-in options for post-selection analysis such as biotinylation, expression of soluble ligands, affinity isolation, and more. This allows you to get the most out of your vector regardless if you are building your own phage display library, isolating recombinant proteins, or producing soluble peptides and antibodies.

We provide custom solutions to create advanced bacteriophage and phagemid vectors. We customize each vector to streamline your affinity selection strategy and binding analyses. Our scientists work directly with you to incorporate selection and tagging strategies to make the selection of ligands with excellent binding kinetics and pharmacokinetics easier while making rapid screening assays more accurate and reliable. Our experts are here to help you every step of the way, ensuring that you get the most optimal vectors for your project.

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Related Products

Premade and Customized Phage Display Libraries

At Cell Origins, we understand that peptide and antibody discovery can be a challenge. To help overcome these challenges, we are dedicated to providing high-quality phage display libraries that are rigorously controlled to obtain the lowest rate of stop codons and other unintended sequences. We offer newly created libraries of validated high quality and diversity, as well as access to the original libraries by Nobel prize winner, Dr. George Smith.

Our custom libraries are made with built-in options for post-selection analysis such as biotinylation, expression of soluble ligands, affinity isolation, and more. This allows you to get the most out of your peptide or antibody phage display library and get the best results. Our experts are here to help you every step of the way, ensuring that you get the most optimal phage display library for your needs.

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Straight-Forward Library Amplification

As a leader in phage display technology, we understand the importance of amplifying stable libraries without losing ligand expression or library diversity.

Cell Origins provides E. coli strains and detailed protocols for the most optimal amplification of peptide and antibody phage display libraries.

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Easy Production of Phage Particles

Coming soon! Helper phage are required to produce phage particles when using phagemid-based vectors. Cell Origins provides helper phage and detailed protocols for straightforward amplification of phagemid peptide and antibody libraries and the production of phage particles in E. coli.

Tailored Affinity Selections for Unique Project Needs

At Cell Origins, we understand that each project is unique and requires customized protocols to meet its individual needs. We're at the forefront of utilizing phage display technology to provide exceptional biopanning services for peptide and antibody discovery.

Our customized protocols are designed to meet the unique needs of each project. We offer tailored affinity selections that begin with gaining in-depth knowledge of each target molecule or tissue to design a customized phage display biopanning protocol based on our unique multi-tiered approach. Our strategies yield proven results both in vitro and in vivo, ensuring that our clients receive quality solutions to unlock their drug discovery projects.

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Advanced Peptide and Antibody Screening

Biomolecular interactions among proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids play a crucial role in biological processes. However, accurately capturing these interactions in the lab is challenging and can lead to misidentification and failure to identify hit molecules. At Cell Origins, we overcome these challenges by developing customized in vitro, in situ, or in vivo protocols for each screening procedure, ensuring the identification of the best peptides and antibodies.

At Cell Origins, we also employ our own novel approach to high-throughput screening of phage-displayed peptides and antibodies. Our novel method guarantees rapid production and purification of phage particles followed by unique biomolecular interaction analysis with 10-100x increased sensitivity compared to conventional methods.

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Published Work

Axiak-Bechtel, S. M., Leach, S. B., Scholten, D. G., Newton-Northup, J. R., Johnson, B. J., Durham, H. E., Gruber, K. A., Callahan, M. F. (2021). Pharmacokinetics and safety of TCMCB07, a melanocortin-4 antagonist peptide in dogs. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives. Vol. 9(3)

Asar, M., Franco, A., Soendergaard, M. (2020). Phage Display Selection, Identification, and Characterization of Novel Pancreatic Cancer Targeting Peptides. Biomolecules. 10(5), 714

Asar, M., Gunby, T., Franco, A., Woodson, C., Soendergaard, Mette. (2020). Identification of an Indiscriminate Peptide by Phage Display Technology. The FASEB Journal 34:1_supplement, 1-1
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Asar, M., Newton-Northup, J., Deutscher, S., Soendergaard, M. (2019). Ovarian Cancer Targeting Phage for In Vivo Near-Infrared Optical Imaging. Diagnostics, 9, 183.

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2017). Bacteriophage for the Development of Novel Tumor-Targeting Agents with Specific Pharmacokinetics and Imaging Applications. Methods in Molecular Biology in Biosensors and Biodetection.

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L.. (2016). Cytotoxic Tumor-Targeting Peptides From In Vivo Phage Display. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. Vol. 19(5): 370–377

García, M. F., Zhang, X., Shah, M., Newton-Northup, J., Cabral, P., Cerecetto, H., and Quinn, T. (2016). 99mTc-bioorthogonal click chemistry reagent for in vivo pretargeted imaging. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. Vol. 24(6): 1209–1215

Newton-Northup, J.R., Dickerson, M.T., Kumar, S.R., Smith, G.P., Quinn, T.P., And Deutscher, S.L. (2014) In vivo bacteriophage peptide display to tailor pharmacokinetics of biological nanoparticles. Molecular Imaging and Biology. 16(6), 854-864.

Soendergaard M., Newton-Northup J. R., Deutscher S. L. (2014): In Vivo Phage Display Selection of an Ovarian Cancer Targeting Peptide for SPECT/CT Imaging. American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 4(6): 561–570.

Soendergaard, M., Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2014) In vitro high throughput phage display selection of ovarian cancer avid phage clones for near-infrared optical imaging. Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening. 17(10).

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2013). Contending With Target Unrelated Peptides from Phage Display. Journal of Molecular Imaging & Dynamics. Vol. 2(2):

Newton-Northup, J. R., Dickerson, M. T., Ma, L., Besch-Williford, C. L., Deutscher, S. L. (2013). Inhibition of metastatic tumor formation in vivo by a bacteriophage display-derived galectin-3 targeting peptide. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. Vol. 30:119–132

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2012) Contending with target unrelated peptides from phage display. Journal of Molecular Imaging and Dynamics. 2(2).

Soendergaard, M., Newton-Northup, J.R., Palmier, M.O., and Deutscher, S.L. (2011) Peptide phage display for discovery of novel biomarkers for imaging and therapy of cell subpopulations in ovarian cancer. Journal of Molecular Biomarkers and Diagnosis, S:2.

Newton-Northup, J.R., Figueroa, S.D., and Deutscher, S.L. (2010). Streamlined in vivo selection and screening of human prostate carcinoma avid phage particles for development of peptide based in vivo tumor imaging agents. Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening. 14(1):9-21

Deutscher, S. L., Dickerson, M., Gui, G., Newton, J., Holm, J. E., Vogeltanz-Holm, N., Kliethermes, B., Hewett, J. E., Kumar, S. R., Quinn, T. P., Sauter, E. R. (2010). Carbohydrate antigens in nipple aspirate fluid predict the presence of atypia and cancer in women requiring diagnostic breast biopsy. BMC Cancer. Vol. 10(519)

Newton-Northup, J.R., Figueroa, S.D., Quinn, T. P., and Deutscher, S.L. (2009). Bifunctional phage-based pretargeted imaging of human prostate carcinoma. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. Vol. 36(7):789-800

Jin, X., Newton, J. R., Montgomery, S., Smith, G. P. (2009). A generalized kinetic model for amine modification of proteins with application to phage display. Biotechniques. Vol. 46(3):175-182

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2009). In vivo bacteriophage display for the discovery of novel peptide-based tumor-targeting agents. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 504:275-90.

Newton-Northup, J.R., and Deutscher, S.L. (2008). Peptide Phage Display. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Molecular Imaging I. Vol. 185 Pt 2:145-163.

Newton, J. R., Miao, Yubin., Deutscher, S. L., and Quinn, T. P. (2007). Melanoma Imaging with Pretargeted Bivalent Bacteriophage. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Vol. 48(3):429-436

Newton, J. R., Kelly, K. A., Mahmood, U., Weissleder, R., and Deutscher, S. L. (2006) In vivo selection of phage for the optical imaging of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma in mice. Neoplasia. 8(9), 772-780.